AtomicLevels.jl
AtomicLevels provides a collections of types and methods to facilitate working with atomic states (or, more generally, states with spherical symmetry), both in the relativistic (eigenstates of $J = L + S$) and non-relativistic (eigenstates on $L$ and $S$ separately) frameworks.
The aim is to make sure that the types used to label and store information about atomic states are both efficient and user-friendly at the same time. In addition, it also provides various utility methods, such as generation of a list CSFs corresponding to a given configuration, serialization of orbitals and configurations, methods for introspecting physical quantities etc.
Usage examples
Orbitals
A single orbital can be constructed using string macros
julia> orbitals = o"2s", ro"5f-"
(2s, 5f-)
Various methods are provided to look up the properties of the orbitals
julia> for o in orbitals
@info "Orbital: $o :: $(typeof(o))" parity(o) degeneracy(o) angular_momenta(o)
end
┌ Info: Orbital: 2s :: Orbital{Int64}
│ parity(o) = even
│ degeneracy(o) = 2
└ angular_momenta(o) = (0, 1/2)
┌ Info: Orbital: 5f- :: RelativisticOrbital{Int64}
│ parity(o) = odd
│ degeneracy(o) = 6
└ angular_momenta(o) = (5/2,)
You can also create a range of orbitals quickly using the @os_str
(or @ros_str
) string macros
julia> os"5[d] 6[s-p] k[7-10]"
7-element Vector{Orbital}:
5d
6s
6p
kk
kl
km
kn
Configurations
The ground state of hydrogen and helium.
julia> c"1s",(c"1s2",c"[He]")
(1s, (1s², [He]ᶜ))
The ground state configuration of xenon, in relativistic notation.
julia> Xe = rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p6"
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-²
As we see above, by default, the krypton core is declared “closed”. This is useful for calculations when the core should be frozen. We can “open” it by affixing *
.
julia> Xe = c"[Kr]* 5s2 5p6"
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s² 5p⁶
Note that the 5p
shell was broken up into 2 5p-
electrons and 4 5p
electrons. If we are not filling the shell, occupancy of the spin-up and spin-down electrons has to be given separately.
julia> Xe⁺ = rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p-2 5p3"
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p³
It is also possible to work with “continuum orbitals”, where the main quantum number is replaced by a Symbol
.
julia> Xe⁺e = rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p-2 5p3 ks"
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p³ ks
Excitations
We can easily generate all possible excitations from a reference configuration. If no extra orbitals are specified, only those that are “open” within the reference set will be considered.
julia> excited_configurations(rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p-2 5p3")
2-element Vector{Configuration{RelativisticOrbital{Int64}}}:
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p³
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p- 5p⁴
By appending virtual orbitals, we can generate excitations to configurations beyond those spanned by the reference set.
julia> excited_configurations(rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p-2 5p3", ros"5[d] 6[s-p]"...)
64-element Vector{Configuration{RelativisticOrbital{Int64}}}:
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p³
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p-² 5p³ 5d-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p-² 5p³ 5d
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p-² 5p³ 6s
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p- 5p⁴
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p- 5p³ 6p-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p- 5p³ 6p
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p² 6p-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p² 6p
[Kr]ᶜ 5p-² 5p⁴ 6p-
⋮
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 5d-²
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 5d- 5d
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 5d- 6s
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 5d²
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 5d 6s
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 6s²
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 6p-²
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 6p- 6p
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p-² 5p 6p²
Again, using the “continuum orbitals”, it is possible to generate the state space accessible via one-photon transitions from the ground state.
julia> Xe⁺e = excited_configurations(rc"[Kr] 5s2 5p6", ros"k[s-d]"...,
max_excitations=:singles,
keep_parity=false)
16-element Vector{Configuration{RelativisticOrbital}}:
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-²
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-² ks
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-² kp-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-² kp
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-² kd-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-² kd
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-² ks
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-² kp-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-² kp
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-² kd-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-² kd
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p- ks
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p- kp-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p- kp
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p- kd-
[Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p- kd
We can then query for the bound and continuum orbitals thus.
julia> map(Xe⁺e) do c
b = bound(c)
num_electrons(b) => b
end
16-element Vector{Pair{Int64, Configuration{RelativisticOrbital}}}:
44 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s 5p⁴ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p³ 5p-²
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-
43 => [Kr]ᶜ 5s² 5p⁴ 5p-
julia> map(Xe⁺e) do c
b = continuum(c)
num_electrons(b) => b
end
16-element Vector{Pair{Int64, Configuration{RelativisticOrbital}}}:
0 => ∅
1 => ks
1 => kp-
1 => kp
1 => kd-
1 => kd
1 => ks
1 => kp-
1 => kp
1 => kd-
1 => kd
1 => ks
1 => kp-
1 => kp
1 => kd-
1 => kd
Term symbol calculation
Overview of angular momentum coupling on Wikipedia.
$LS$-coupling. This is done purely non-relativistic, i.e. 2p-
is considered equivalent to 2p
.
julia> terms(c"1s")
1-element Vector{Term}:
²S
julia> terms(c"[Kr] 5s2 5p5")
1-element Vector{Term}:
²Pᵒ
julia> terms(c"[Kr] 5s2 5p4 6s 7g")
13-element Vector{Term}:
¹D
¹F
¹G
¹H
¹I
³D
³F
³G
³H
³I
⁵F
⁵G
⁵H
$jj$-coupling. $jj$-coupling is implemented slightly differently, it calculates the possible $J$ values resulting from coupling n
equivalent electrons in all combinations allowed by the Pauli principle.
julia> intermediate_terms(ro"1s", 1)
1-element Vector{IntermediateTerm{HalfIntegers.Half{Int64}, Seniority}}:
₁1/2
julia> intermediate_terms(ro"5p", 2)
2-element Vector{IntermediateTerm{HalfIntegers.Half{Int64}, Seniority}}:
₀0
₂2
julia> intermediate_terms(ro"7g", 3)
10-element Vector{IntermediateTerm{HalfIntegers.Half{Int64}, Seniority}}:
₁9/2
₃3/2
₃5/2
₃7/2
₃9/2
₃11/2
₃13/2
₃15/2
₃17/2
₃21/2
Configuration state functions
CSFs are formed from electronic configurations and their possible term couplings (along with intermediate terms, resulting from unfilled subshells).
julia> sort(vcat(csfs(rc"3s 3p2")..., csfs(rc"3s 3p- 3p")...))
7-element Vector{RelativisticCSF{RelativisticOrbital{Int64}, Seniority}}:
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p²(₀0|1/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p-(₁1/2|1) 3p(₁3/2|1/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p²(₂2|3/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p-(₁1/2|0) 3p(₁3/2|3/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p-(₁1/2|1) 3p(₁3/2|3/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p²(₂2|5/2)+
3s(₁1/2|1/2) 3p-(₁1/2|1) 3p(₁3/2|5/2)+